This setting doesn’t really filter out anything. In the screenshot, the filter for Accounts is selected. The Filters tab contains the most powerful settings.
Current Date will show all transactions currently open on the report. Report Date will include open transactions as of the date of the report. The advanced button for an A/R Aging Report controls which date QuickBooks will use to populate the report. One of these functions is to suppress zero lines and/or columns in a report. The Advanced button will show different options depending on the report being customized. It is possible to delete some of the columns on the report and to add others not shown by default. As can be seen from the screenshot, it is possible to change the report basis to Cash. The Modify Report screen opens at the Display tab. Some versions of QuickBooks may use the terminology, Modify Report, but it is the same feature.
Most of these options are accessed from the Customize Report button. Every QuickBooks report allows some level of customization.